Health Sciences

Grave´s disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies that bind to the thyrotropin receptor (TR) in the gland, leading to excess production of thyroid hormones maintaining a state of hyperthyroidism. Also this autoantibodies recognize the TR present on orbital fibroblasts, which produce the tissue changes of Grave´s ophthalmopathy (GO): eyelid retraction and swelling, proptosis, orbital congestion (chemosis), exposure keratopathy, extraocular motility dysfunction, as well as compressive optic neuropathy in more severe cases.

Background: Dengue Fever DF represents a major global health challenge. It is the most important human infection. In Saudi Arabia, the first experience of virus isolation during a DF outbreak was in 1994 in Jeddah many out brakes followed in (20042005 , 2006 and 2009) the Saudi Preventive Department in the Ministry of Health (MOH) launched a comprehensive plan to control the disease In 2008. The reemergence of DF in Saudi Arabia can be explained by the growing levels of urbanization, international trade and travel in the Kingdom.

Background: Preschool children undergo rapid growth & development and as such their nutritional status is considered to be one of the most important areas of concern. Nutrition plays a key role in physical and mental development of children as well as prevention of disease or illness. In modern life, excessive use of junk foods in daily life, especially among children leads to various illnesses and poor health status. Objectives: 1. To assess the level of knowledge of parents regarding nutrition of under 6 years children. 2.

Background: The central venous accesses technique uses a direct visualization puncture. With the advent of the ultrasound (US)-guided puncture, a high variation rate in the anatomical position (AP) of the right internal jugular vein (RIJV) was observed compared to the right common carotid artery (RCCA). Objective: This study describes the rate of AP variability in RIJV, compared with previous studies and descriptions.

The oral lichenoid lesion (OLL) is response that occurs on the oral mucosa. The OLL commonly include allergic response to the dental materials, drugs, and on graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). The prevalence of oral lichen planus is more with the female predilection. Oral lichenoid lesions develop as a type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Both of those entities are potential precancerous conditions; this adds to their clinical significance. Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions are two distinct diseases. They will be clinically similar but they need different etiologic factors.

Background: The obesity epidemic has been a crucial health concern over the past few decades. Multiple contributing factors have been identified at various levels: genetic, biological, environmental, social, economic etc. In many ways obesity presents some similarities with substance dependence and abuse. The term “co-dependency” originates from the realm of addiction. Co-dependency mechanisms can also appear between parents and children and enable obesity.

Hypertension Type 2 diabetes is a type of diabetes mellitus whose symptoms are caused by high blood sugar (glucose) levels. This disease is also referred to as adult-onset diabetes because it usually affects adults or the elderly. In contrast to type 1 diabetes, which can attack younger people, such as children. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic disease caused by the body not being able to use insulin effectively. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age and an unhealthy lifestyle.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a breakthrough in the field of technology which is rapidly progressing and has captivated the minds of researchers across the globe (1). Eversince, its inception dentistry has witnessed some of the exceptional achievement (2). Hence, this situation demands every dentist to get acquainted with this technology as the future of dentistry is abutting the implementation of its applications.

The rapid spread of a novel viral disease COVID-19 is a recent threat worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this health-threatening outbreak a pandemic in March 2020. The infection rate is enormously higher than any other known infectious disease in recent decade. In the US, the government alerts the whole nation to be prepared for disruptions in daily life to control the spreading of the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 causing the COVID-19.

Objectives: The rapid spread of the most virulent a novel virus SARS-CoV-2 has sparked alarm worldwide causing COVID-19, a viral respiratory disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this health-threatening outbreak as a pandemic COVID-19. In this review we diseased the COVID-19-related many questions and answers for better understanding and awareness of this disease. Study Design: Here we discussed about COVID-19, something in details as well as some more relevant associated-questions were answered from known resources. The results are shown in table format.